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By 1300, the Florentine Guelphs had divided into the Black and White Guelphs. The Blacks continued to support the Papacy, while the Whites were opposed to Papal influence, specifically the influence of Pope Boniface VIII. Dante was among the supporters of the White Guelphs. In 1302 he was exiled when the Black Guelphs took control of Florence. [19]
Marriage of Buondelmonte by Saverio Altamura.. Buondelmonte de' Buondelmonti (died 1216) was a Florentine young nobleman, slain on his wedding day. His murder, according to Dante Alighieri, was one of the triggers of intra-familial discord and the conflicts between Guelphs and Ghibellines in his native town.
The rest of the army was formed by Ghibellines from Cremona, Pavia, Modena, Parma, and Reggio, for a total of 12,000 – 15,000 men [10] The imperial army marched first against Mantua, which decided to surrender instead of being sacked, [9] [12] and then to Bergamo, whose council of nobles took the same decision in exchange for no formal ...
Lombard Ghibellines formed an anti-Angevin alliance, choosing John II as their leader. On 22 April, he confronted Reforza d'Agoult and battle was joined. The meeting was brief and bloody. Initially uncertain, the outcome was a victory for the Ghibellines, who recovered the besieged fortress and dealt a severe blow to Angevin influence in Piedmont.
The Guelph army threatened the Ghibelline city of Modena and therefore the Modenese had requested help from Enzio of Sardinia, who was then imperial vicar in northern Italy, and resided at Cremona. Enzio organised a massive army of 15,000 men, composed of Imperial Germans and Lombard Ghibellines from Cremona and Modena.
The battle was fought on September 23, as Cardona aimed to obtain a victory before Visconti's men could arrive. A first attack by the Florentine cavalry was successful, but in the second charge they were turned back by the Ghibelline counter-attack; the Guelph infantry was in turn routed by their mounted mates, while Visconti's cavalry, who had suddenly joined the battlefield, cut them off ...
In the mid-13th century, the Guelphs held sway in Florence while the Ghibellines controlled Siena. In 1258, the Guelphs succeeded in expelling from Florence the last of the Ghibellines with any real power; [ 12 ] they followed this with the murder of Tesauro Beccharia, Abbot of Vallombrosa , who was accused of plotting the return of the ...
The Ghibellines resumed power and undid many of the advances of the Guelphs, for example the demolition of hundreds of towers, homes, and palaces. The fragility of their rule caused the Ghibellines to seek out an arbitrator in the form of Pope Clement IV, who openly favoured the Guelphs, and restored them to power.