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The Ottoman Empire developed over the years as a despotism [citation needed] with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government [citation needed] that had an effective control of its provinces, officials and inhabitants. Wealth and rank could be inherited but were just as often earned.
Internally, the Ottoman Empire hoped that abolishing the millet system would create a more centralized government, as well as increased legitimacy of the Ottoman rule, thus gaining direct control of its citizens. Another major hope was that being more open to various demographics would attract more people into the empire.
However, by 1913 the Ottoman Empire was a dictatorship of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), led by the Three Pashas (Talat Pasha, Enver Pasha, and Cemal Pasha). This dictatorship capitalized on the developed bureaucracy created through a century of reform and centralization by undertaking genocide against Christian minorities.
The Ottoman Empire had a centralized government in Istanbul which held power over the military, the provincial governors, and local religious leaders. [42] [43] In the Ottoman Empire, the military was controlled by the state, the lesser leaders of troops were all beholden to the Sultan, and in exchange, they were given territories to rule over ...
The formation of households coincided with a general increase in the wealth and power of the empire's highest-ranking provincial officials, [53] which proved to be a mixed blessing for the central government: while the governors used their power to centralize imperial control and assemble larger armies to combat the Ottoman Empire's enemies ...
To the extent that a base unit of society – usually conceived as an individual citizen – vests authority in a larger unit, such as the state or the local community, authority is centralized. The extent to which this ought to occur, and the ways in which centralized government evolves, forms part of social contract theory .
The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century. [1] The beylerbey, or governor, of each province was appointed by the central government. [2]
After the Tanzimat, the government bureaucracy was streamlined. For most routine communications, the imperial scribe ( Serkâtib-i şehriyârî ) began to record the spoken will ( irâde ) of the Sultan and thus the irâde (also called irâde-i seniyye , i.e., "supreme will", or irâde-i şâhâne , i.e., "glorious will") replaced the hatt-ı ...