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Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of is =, where p o is the relative observed agreement among raters, and p e is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly selecting each category.
Random variables are usually written in upper case Roman letters, such as or and so on. Random variables, in this context, usually refer to something in words, such as "the height of a subject" for a continuous variable, or "the number of cars in the school car park" for a discrete variable, or "the colour of the next bicycle" for a categorical variable.
In statistics, a k-statistic is a minimum-variance unbiased estimator of a cumulant. [1] [2] References External links. k-Statistic on ...
the population mean or expected value in probability and statistics; a measure in measure theory; micro-, an SI prefix denoting 10 −6 (one millionth) Micrometre or micron (retired in 1967 as a standalone symbol, replaced by "μm" using the standard SI meaning) the coefficient of friction in physics; the service rate in queueing theory
Historically, upper-case letters were used for representing points in geometry, and lower-case letters were used for variables and constants. Letters are used for representing many other types of mathematical object. As the number of these types has increased, the Greek alphabet and some Hebrew letters have also come to be used.
¯ = sample mean of differences d 0 {\displaystyle d_{0}} = hypothesized population mean difference s d {\displaystyle s_{d}} = standard deviation of differences
For a random sample as above, with cumulative distribution (), the order statistics for that sample have cumulative distributions as follows [2] (where r specifies which order statistic): () = = [()] [()] The proof of this formula is pure combinatorics: for the th order statistic to be , the number of samples that are > has to be between and .
K-distribution arises as the consequence of a statistical or probabilistic model used in synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The K-distribution is formed by compounding two separate probability distributions, one representing the radar cross-section, and the other representing speckle that is a characteristic of coherent imaging. It is also ...