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The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 gave the Army its first up-or-out promotion system, eliminating officers after a maximum number of years in each grade. Before 1947, Army officers were promoted by seniority up to the grade of colonel, with a mandatory retirement age of 60 for colonels, 62 for brigadier generals, and 64 for major generals.
In 1947, Congress consolidated Army and Navy officer management legislation into the Officer Personnel Act (OPA). With the encouragement of the Army (notably by General Dwight Eisenhower ), the OPA extended the "up or out" system across the military and required officers to go before promotion boards at set times based on cohorts, normally ...
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in May 2024. Clockwise from left: George, Smith, Franchetti, Allvin, Saltzman, Hokanson, Grady, and Brown. Although four-star officers appeared in organizations like the Continental Army before the United States of America was founded in 1776, the legislative history of four-star officers in the United States uniformed services began in 1799, when Congress authorized ...
The Regulars: The American Army, 1898–1941 (2007) excerpt and text search; Coffman, Edward M. The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (1998), a standard history; Coumbe, Arthur T. A History of the U.S. Army Officer Corps, 1900–1990 (2014). Carlisle, PA : Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College Press.
Admirals Ernest J. King, William D. Leahy, and General George C. Marshall at the White House, 1942.. From 1899, when the Navy's Civil War-era four-star grade was recreated after the Spanish-American War, through 1947, when the Officer Personnel Act defined the post-World War II military establishment, four-star grades evolved along two parallel tracks, one decorative and one functional.
Act of August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] 61 Stat. 886: Assigned ex officio rank of lieutenant general to general officers serving in positions designated by the President to carry that rank. Assigned ex officio rank of lieutenant general to senior members of the Military and Naval Staff Committee of the United Nations.
Sep. 2—Bill Richardson became New Mexico's 30th governor in January 2003 after 14 years of representing the state's 3rd Congressional District in the U.S. House of Representatives and serving ...
No. Image Name Start End President(s) 1 Kenneth Claiborne Royall: September 18, 1947: April 27, 1949: Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) 2 Gordon Gray [1]: April 28, 1949