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The following arguments can be set forth against recognizing *a as a phoneme of PIE: it does not participate in ablaut alternations (it does not alternate with other vowels, as the "real" PIE vowels *e, *o, *ē, *ō do), it makes no appearance in suffixes and endings, it appears in a very confined set of positions (usually after initial *k ...
Typically, a root plus a suffix forms a stem, and adding an ending forms a word. [1]+ ⏟ + ⏟ For example, *bʰéreti 'he bears' can be split into the root *bʰer-'to bear', the suffix *-e-which governs the imperfective aspect, and the ending *-ti, which governs the present tense, third-person singular.
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. [1] No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists; its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages.
PIE, IATA airport code and FAA location identifier for St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport, Florida; Pie, in Spanish customary units a unit of length; Pie (loa), a type of spirit in Vodun/Voodoo religion; Pie Magazine, a Canadian luxury lifestyle magazine; PIE method (Problem, Intervention, Evaluation), a method of documentation in nursing
Marks come in two varieties, abbreviations and abstract symbols. These are usually handwritten on the paper containing the text. Symbols are interleaved in the text, while abbreviations may be placed in a margin with an arrow pointing to the problematic text.
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Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
This list of style guide abbreviations provides the meanings of the abbreviations that are commonly used as short ways to refer to major style guides. They are used especially by editors communicating with other editors in manuscript queries, proof queries, marginalia , emails, message boards , and so on.