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Ankle fractures may result from excessive stress on the joint such as from rolling an ankle or from blunt trauma. [1] [2] Types of ankle fractures include lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, posterior malleolus, bimalleolar, and trimalleolar fractures. [1] The Ottawa ankle rule can help determine the need for X-rays. [2]
The Broström operation (or Broström-Gould technique) is a repair of ligaments on lateral ankle. It is designed to address ankle instability. More importantly, it is primarily used to repair the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) in the ankle. It is thought that the majority of patients regain most function in their ankles.
Forceful, external rotation of the ankle joint is the main cause of a Maisonneuve fracture. [4] [7] Engaging in high-intensity sports or falling over can increase the risk of tearing the deltoid ligament or cause an avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus from external rotation of the foot.
The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. The word malleolus (/ m ə ˈ l iː ə l ə s, m æ-/ [1] [2]), plural malleoli (/ m ə ˈ l iː ə ˌ l aɪ, m æ-/), comes from Latin and means "small hammer". (It is cognate with mallet.)
A trimalleolar fracture is a fracture of the ankle that involves the lateral malleolus, the medial malleolus, and the distal posterior aspect of the tibia, which can be termed the posterior malleolus. The trauma is sometimes accompanied by ligament damage and dislocation. [1]
A fractured fibula in addition to detaching the medial malleolus will tear the tibiofibular syndesmosis. [2] The combined fracture of the medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, and the posterior margin of the distal end of the tibia is known as a "trimalleolar fracture". [3] An example of Pott's fracture would be in a sports tackling injury.
A bimalleolar fracture is a fracture of the ankle that involves the lateral malleolus and the medial malleolus. Studies have shown [1] that bimalleolar fractures are more common in women, people over 60 years of age, and patients with existing comorbidities. [1]
The calcaneofibular ligament is a narrow, rounded cord, running from the tip of the lateral malleolus of the fibula downward and slightly backward to a tubercle on the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is part of the lateral collateral ligament, which opposes the hyperinversion of the subtalar joint, as in a common type of ankle sprain. [1]