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The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
Ultimate – Z (last or ultimate letter of the alphabet) United - U (Man U., common abbreviation of Manchester United F.C.) United Nations – UN; University – U or OU (Open University) or UP (in the UK one goes up to university) Unknown – X, Y or Z (mathematical variable)
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 10 February 2025. Gas in an atmosphere with certain absorption characteristics This article is about the physical properties of greenhouse gases. For how human activities are adding to greenhouse gases, see Greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases trap some of the heat that results when sunlight heats ...
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɣ , a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, γ , which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ɤ , the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel , which some writings [ 2 ] use for the voiced velar fricative.
In English, gh historically represented [x] (the voiceless velar fricative, as in the Scottish Gaelic word loch), and still does in lough and certain other Hiberno-English words, especially proper nouns. In the dominant dialects of modern English, gh is almost always either silent or pronounced /f/ (see Ough).
Adjectives and nouns ending in a vowel followed by -le, -ne, or -re are stressed on the third-last syllable (fragile, margine, altere 'other', but illa impone 'she imposes'). Words ending in -ica/-ico , -ide/-ido and -ula/-ulo , are stressed on the third-last syllable ( pol i tica , scient i fico , r a pide , st u pido , cap i tula , s e culo ...
Where ever there is a Q there is a U too [24] (But this is violated by some words; see:List of English words containing Q not followed by U) Letters of specific syllables in a word [ edit ]
NG-coalescence – reduction of the final cluster [ŋɡ] to [ŋ], in words like hang, which has occurred in all but a few English dialects. G-dropping – reduction of the final cluster [ŋɡ] to [n] in weak syllables, principally in the verb ending -ing, which has occurred in many English dialects, although not in the modern standard varieties.