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Marble could be found in buildings of Rome before Augustus, but it was not extensively used as a building material until the reign of Augustus. [274] Although this did not apply to the Subura slums, which were still as rickety and fire-prone as ever, he did leave a mark on the monumental topography of the centre and of the Campus Martius, with ...
This alleged homosexual liaison must have taken place in 46 BC during the civil wars when Julius Caesar took Octavian to Spain and Aulus Hirtius was serving there. At the time the future Emperor Augustus was 17 years old. Caesar and Octavius stayed in Hispania until June 45 BC, after which they returned to Rome.
The reason why this irregular system was continued is not known either. They were to be replaced by only one man, who was to take a legion and 15 cohorts there. The outgoing proconsuls were to bring back home the veterans who had spent a long time in Hispania. [63] Livy did not say what the outcome of the vote was. Only Lentulus went back to Rome.
When Augustus died, the account of his achievements prominently featured the geographical cataloguing of the Empire. [55] Geography alongside meticulous written records were central concerns of Roman Imperial administration. [56] A segment of the ruins of Hadrian's Wall in northern England, overlooking Crag Lough
Diocletian himself was the augustus of the eastern half, and he made his long-time friend Maximian augustus of the western half. In doing so, he effectively created what would become the western empire and the eastern empire. Map of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy, showing the dioceses and the four tetrarchs' zones of influence
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
Augustus planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable, [17] and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade. Strabo, writing late in Augustus's reign, claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could. [18]
Although Constantine created his apparent heirs "caesars", following a pattern established by Diocletian, he gave his creations a hereditary character, alien to the tetrarchic system: Constantine's caesars were to be kept in the hope of ascending to empire and entirely subordinated to their augustus, as long as he was alive. [282]