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Evolutionary change that occurs within a species lineage as opposed to lineage splitting (cladogenesis). [7] analogous structures A set of morphological structures in different organisms which have similar form or function but were not present in the organisms' last common ancestor. The cladistic term for the same phenomenon is homoplasy. ancestor
Natality rate: number of births/unit of time/Average Population; For wildlife management: N1 = N0 + (B − D) + (I − E) Where: N1 = number of individuals at time 1; N0 = number of individuals at time 0; B = number of individuals born; D = number of individuals that died; I = number of individuals that immigrated
A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as predation are a key aspect of community ecology.. In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage.
The so-called "50/500 rule", where a population needs 50 individuals to prevent inbreeding depression, and 500 individuals to guard against genetic drift at-large, is an oft-used benchmark for an MVP, but a recent study suggests that this guideline is not applicable across a wide diversity of taxa.
It is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. The division of labor creates specialized behavioral groups within an animal society, sometimes ...
The founder effect occurs when few individuals from a larger population establish a new population and also decreases the genetic diversity, and was originally outlined by Ernst Mayr. [4] The founder effect is a unique case of genetic drift, as the smaller founding population has decreased genetic diversity that will move alleles within the ...
Evolutionarily, humans are socially well adapted to their environment and coexist with one another in a way that benefits the entire species. Cooperative breeding, the ability for humans to invest in and help raise others' offspring, is an example of some of their unique characteristics that sets them apart from other non-human primates even though some practice this system at a low frequency ...
This allows the individuals within a group to more effectively identify predators, allowing these individuals to flee or adopt postures to alert the predators that their presence is known. An example can be seen in a study conducted by Siegfried and Underhill (1975) [ 16 ] on laughing doves , in which large groups react to a mock-predator much ...