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Congenital TEF can arise due to failed fusion of the tracheoesophageal ridges after the fourth week of embryological development. [4] A fistula, from the Latin meaning 'a pipe', is an abnormal connection running either between two tubes or between a tube and a surface. In tracheo-esophageal fistula it runs between the trachea and the esophagus.
TEF (tracheoesophageal fistula) ONLY with no Esophageal Atresia, H-Type Esophagus fully intact and capable of its normal functions, however, there is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea.
A tracheo-esophageal puncture (or tracheoesophageal puncture) is a surgically created hole between the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (food pipe) in a person who has had a total laryngectomy, a surgery where the larynx (voice box) is removed. The purpose of the puncture is to restore a person’s ability to speak after the vocal cords ...
Twenty to 27% of individuals with a laryngeal cleft also have a tracheoesophageal fistula and approximately 6% of individuals with a fistula also have a cleft. [4] Other congenital anomalies commonly associated with laryngeal cleft are gastro-oesophageal reflux, tracheobronchomalacia, congenital heart defect, dextrocardia and situs inversus. [5]
A tracheoesophageal fistula is present and links the carina to the oesophagus. In Faro type D, the larynx is joined to the distal trachea and a tracheoesophageal fistula links the carina to the oesophagus. Faro type E is comparable to Floyd’s type I, as the distal trachea is present and joined to the oesophagus via a fistula.
Developmental abnormalities of the tracheoesophageal septum can lead to a tracheoesophageal fistula. [6] This may be caused by certain mutations of genes involved in its development. [4] Other theories for the origin of tracheoesophageal fistula have been suggested. [7] [8] A laryngotracheal cleft is a related abnormality. [9]
Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (TO fistula or TOF) is seen in about 70 percent of patients with VACTERL association, although it can frequently occur as an isolated defect. 15 to 33 percent of patients with TO fistulas will also have congenital heart disease.
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula; Esophageal cancer; Esophageal dysphagia; Esophageal varices; Esophageal web; Esophagitis; GERD; Hiatus hernia; Killian–Jamieson diverticulum; Mallory–Weiss syndrome; Neurogenic dysphagia; Nutcracker esophagus; Schatzki's ring; Zenker's diverticulum