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Josiah Stamp is often given credit for introducing it in a 1935 speech, but although he did help to popularize it, a variant regarding a car's gas tank occurs in print with the optimism/pessimism connotations as early as 1929, and the glass-with-water version is mentioned simply as an intellectual paradox about the quantity of water (without ...
It refers to the question "Is the glass half empty or half full?", used as an indicator of optimism or pessimism. To test this in animals, an individual is trained to anticipate that stimulus A, e.g. a 20 Hz tone, precedes a positive event, e.g. highly desired food is delivered when a lever is pressed by the animal.
The hypothesis is that the animal's "mood" will bias the choice of levers after the test stimulus; if positive, it will tend to choose lever A, if negative it will tend to choose lever B. The hypothesis is tested by manipulating factors that might affect mood – for example, the type of housing the animal is kept in. [ 3 ]
Half a glass of water, illustration of two different mental attitudes, optimism (half full) and pessimism (half empty) Optimism is an attitude reflecting a belief or hope that the outcome of some specific endeavor, or outcomes in general, will be positive, favorable, and desirable.
As a result, optimism often gets overlooked. However, psychologist and author Morgan Housel thinks being able to balance the two is an underrated ability that Gates’ has mastered—and so could you.
Click on the switches next to each number so that 2 lights on the same row are lit. As you see the number show up on each row, do the math, either add or subtract.
[2] Some research has suggested a pessimistic explanatory style may be correlated with depression [ 3 ] and physical illness . [ 4 ] The concept of explanatory style encompasses a wide range of possible responses to both positive and negative occurrences, rather than a black-white difference between optimism and pessimism.
Strategy Guide Table of Contents Starting the Game General Tips Mini-games and Puzzles Chapter 1-A New Friend Chapter 2-The Watchers Chapter 3-Blacklore's Scrolls Chapter 4-The Secret Room Chapter ...