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Linear errors-in-variables models were studied first, probably because linear models were so widely used and they are easier than non-linear ones. Unlike standard least squares regression (OLS), extending errors in variables regression (EiV) from the simple to the multivariable case is not straightforward, unless one treats all variables in the same way i.e. assume equal reliability.
In many applications, objective functions, including loss functions as a particular case, are determined by the problem formulation. In other situations, the decision maker’s preference must be elicited and represented by a scalar-valued function (called also utility function) in a form suitable for optimization — the problem that Ragnar Frisch has highlighted in his Nobel Prize lecture. [4]
The value function that passes through the reference point is s-shaped and asymmetrical. The value function is steeper for losses than gains indicating that losses outweigh gains. Prospect theory stems from loss aversion, where the observation is that agents asymmetrically feel losses greater than that of an equivalent gain. It centralises ...
Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
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Existing home sales dropped 14.6% in October on a year-over-year basis—a new 13-year low.
As defined above, the Huber loss function is strongly convex in a uniform neighborhood of its minimum =; at the boundary of this uniform neighborhood, the Huber loss function has a differentiable extension to an affine function at points = and =. These properties allow it to combine much of the sensitivity of the mean-unbiased, minimum-variance ...
Before the crash, the housing market prophet was warning that subprime loans were probably the “greatest financial problem” for the U.S. economy, and in January 2006 wrote an article titled ...