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Thyroiditis is generally caused by an immune system attack on the thyroid, resulting in inflammation and damage to the thyroid cells. This disease is often considered a malfunction of the immune system and can be associated with IgG4-related systemic disease, in which symptoms of autoimmune pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis and noninfectious aortitis also occur.
The most common type of hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, may additionally cause eye problems (Graves' ophthalmopathy) and skin changes of the legs (pretibial myxedema). [6] Thyroid disease may also cause muscle weakness in the form of thyrotoxic myopathy, but this is constant rather than episodic. [5]
Acute infectious thyroiditis (AIT) also known as suppurative thyroiditis, microbial inflammatory thyroiditis, pyrogenic thyroiditis and bacterial thyroiditis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The thyroid is normally very resistant to infection.
The diagnosis of subacute thyroiditis can be made clinically by eliciting risk factors, associated symptoms, and physical examination. [1] [2] [3] Further work-up to differentiate between the etiologies of subacute thyroiditis can include: thyroid function tests (TFTs), inflammatory markers, complete blood count (CBC), and thyroid antibodies.
The accuracy of the diagnosis depends on obtaining tissue from all of the suspicious areas of an abnormal thyroid gland. The reliability of fine needle aspiration is increased when sampling can be guided by ultrasound, and over the last 15 years, this has become the preferred method for thyroid biopsy in North America. [32] [citation needed]
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De Quervain thyroiditis is a self-limiting condition that often goes away without any problems in three to six months. [3] [5] Regardless of the severity of the disease or the type of treatment used, 20–56% of adult patients experienced transient hypothyroidism a few weeks after the hyperthyroid period. [27]
Long-term mild excess of thyroid hormone can thus cause impaired cardiac reserve and exercise capacity. [4] In a large population-based study of 2008, the odds of having poorer cognitive function were greater for sub-clinical hyperthyroidism than for stroke , diabetes mellitus , and Parkinson's disease . [ 48 ]
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