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The alveoli. Pulmonary contusion and laceration are injuries to the lung tissue. Pulmonary laceration, in which lung tissue is torn or cut, differs from pulmonary contusion in that the former involves disruption of the macroscopic architecture of the lung, [1] while the latter does not. [2]
VALI is most common in people receiving mechanical ventilation for acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). [1] 24 percent of people mechanically ventilated will develop VALI for reasons other than ALI or ARDS. [1] The incidence is probably higher among people who already have ALI/ARDS, but estimates vary widely. [1]
Management is a mixture of medical (eg pain relief, respiratory support, chest drainage and antibiotics), non-medical (physiotherapy and rehabilitation) and surgical (fixation of rib fractures if appropriate and operative treatment of cardiac, lung, airway, diaphragm and oesophageal injuries).
Acute respiratory distress syndrome : a potentially life-threatening condition where the alveoli are damaged thereby letting fluid leak into the lungs which makes it difficult to exchange gases and oxygenate the blood. [3] It is the general practice of the medical community to use the Berlin criteria to diagnose ARDS.
Flail chest is usually accompanied by a pulmonary contusion, a bruise of the lung tissue that can interfere with blood oxygenation. [5] Often, it is the contusion, not the flail segment, that is the main cause of respiratory problems in people with both injuries. [6] Surgery to fix the fractures appears to result in better outcomes. [7]
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a type of respiratory failure characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. [1] Symptoms include shortness of breath (dyspnea), rapid breathing (tachypnea), and bluish skin coloration (cyanosis). [ 1 ]
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Cardiogenic pulmonary edema and ARDS are common causes of a fluid-filled lung. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is a rarer cause of diffuse GGO seen in some types of vasculitis, autoimmune conditions, and bleeding disorders. [6] Inflammation and fibrosis can also cause diffuse GGOs.