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European Last Glacial Maximum refugia, 20 kya. In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species. This isolation can be due to climatic changes, geography, or human activities such as deforestation and overhunting.
A refuge is a concept in ecology, in which an organism obtains protection from predation by hiding in an area where it is inaccessible or cannot easily be found. Due to population dynamics , when refuges are available, populations of both predators and prey are significantly higher, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and significantly more species can be supported in ...
Those that moved east jumped the Andes and established themselves in periglacial refugia on the eastern slopes, or further down in the more low-lying areas of Argentina that remained unaffected by the ice retreat. Additionally, there were areas of embedded refugia that may have allowed for habitation by freshwater crabs, fish, and even otters. [2]
A glacial refugium (plural glacial refugia) is a geographic region which made possible the survival of flora and fauna during ice ages and allowed for post-glacial re-colonization. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Different types of glacial refugia can be distinguished, namely nunatak , peripheral, and lowland. [ 3 ]
Last Glacial Maximum refugia were places in which humans and other species survived during the Last Glacial Period, around 25,000 to 18,000 years ago. [1] Glacial refugia are areas that climate changes were not as severe, and where species could recolonize after deglaciation.
The second scenario proposes long-term in situ survival within glaciated regions (glacial survival hypothesis), either in isolated northern ice-free micro-refugia at the edge of the ice sheet, or on exposed mountains not covered with ice within the ice sheet (nunatak hypothesis).
Refugia are relative depending on species adaptations, spatial and temporal scale, and disturbance regime. [9] Many relative influences are unclear as each situation is different. [16] Drought refuges are important for sustaining biodiversity over larger spatial scales. [15] Perennial waters are the most important drought refuge. [15]
Refugia in the form of windthrow mounds, rocky outcrops, or horizontal logs elevated above the forest floor can provide plants with substrate protected from browsing by cervids. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] These refugia can contain a proportion of the plant community that would exist without browsing pressure, and may differ significantly from the ...