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Secularism is an ambiguous concept that can be understood to refer to a number of policies and ideas—anticlericalism, atheism, state neutrality toward religion, the separation of religion from state, banishment of religious symbols from the public sphere, or disestablishment (separation of church and state, [4] although Islam has no institution corresponding to this sense of "church"). [1]
A cultural Muslim internalizes the Islamic cultural tradition, or way of thinking, as a frame of reference. Cultural Muslims are diverse in terms of norms, values, political opinions, and religious views. They retain a shared "discourse or structure of feeling" related to shared history and memories. [27]
Some of the best known examples of states considered "constitutionally secular" are the United States, France, [41] Turkey, India, Mexico, [42] and South Korea, though none of these nations have identical forms of governance with respect to religion. For example, in India, secularism does not completely separate state and religion, while in ...
Traditional Islamic theory distinguishes between matters of religion and state (dawla), but insists that political authority and public life must be guided by religious values. [26] Some Islamic reformists like Ali Abdel Raziq and Mahmoud Mohammed Taha have advocated a secular state in the sense of political order that does not impose any ...
The establishment of Islam brought a great transformation in the society, moral order of life, world view, and the hierarchy of values in the Arabian Peninsula. The division of Arabs into varying tribes (based upon blood and kinship), was confronted by the ideal of a unified community, an " ummah ", based upon Islamic piety .
a political ideology which seeks to enforce Islamic precepts and norms as generally applicable rules for people's conduct; and whose adherents seek a state based on Islamic values and laws (sharia) and rejecting Western guiding principles, such as freedom of opinion, freedom of the press, artistic freedom and freedom of religion (Thomas Volk); [48]
For example, within Buddhism, the intention of the individual and the circumstances play roles in determining whether an action is right or wrong. [16] Barbara Stoler Miller points out a further disparity between the morals of religious traditions, stating that in Hinduism, "practically, right and wrong are decided according to the categories ...
Arabia united under Muhammad (7th century CE) according to traditional accounts Islamic studies do not reveal a specific Islamic religious identity and political attitude with sharp boundaries for early period; [15] The Rāshidūn caliphs used Sasanian symbols (Star and crescent, Fire temple, depictions of the last emperor Khosrow II) by adding the Arabic bismillāh on their coins. [16]