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  2. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation.. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor.

  3. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae , published in 1801.

  4. Modular exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation

    function modular_pow(base, exponent, modulus) is if modulus = 1 then return 0 c := 1 for e_prime = 0 to exponent-1 do c := (c * base) mod modulus return c

  5. Visual Basic for Applications - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications

    Code written in VBA is compiled [6] to Microsoft P-Code (pseudo-code), a proprietary intermediate language, which the host applications (Access, Excel, Word, Outlook, and PowerPoint) store as a separate stream in COM Structured Storage files (e.g., .doc or .xls) independent of the document streams.

  6. Modular multiplicative inverse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_multiplicative_inverse

    A modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a with respect to the modulus m is a solution of the linear congruence a x ≡ 1 ( mod m ) . {\displaystyle ax\equiv 1{\pmod {m}}.} The previous result says that a solution exists if and only if gcd( a , m ) = 1 , that is, a and m must be relatively prime (i.e. coprime).

  7. Modulus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulus

    Conformal modulus, a measure of the size of a curve family; Modulus of continuity, a function gauging the uniform continuity of a function; Similarly, the modulus of a Dirichlet character; Modulus (algebraic number theory), a formal product of places of a number field; The modular function in the theory of Haar measure, often called simply the ...

  8. Luhn algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm

    The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the "modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers.

  9. Absolute value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value

    The real absolute value function is an example of a continuous function that achieves a global minimum where the derivative does not exist. The subdifferential of | x | at x = 0 is the interval [−1, 1]. [14] The complex absolute value function is continuous everywhere but complex differentiable nowhere because it violates the Cauchy–Riemann ...