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C# is a language in which the null object pattern can be properly implemented. This example shows animal objects that display sounds and a NullAnimal instance used in place of the C# null keyword. The null object provides consistent behaviour and prevents a runtime null reference exception that would occur if the C# null keyword were used instead.
The last modification date stamp (and with DELWATCH 2.0+ also the file deletion date stamp, and since DOS 7.0+ optionally also the last access date stamp and creation date stamp), are stored in the directory entry with the year represented as an unsigned seven bit number (0–127), relative to 1980, and thereby unable to indicate any dates in ...
The designers chose to address this problem with a four-step solution: 1) Introducing a compiler switch that indicates if Java 1.4 or later should be used, 2) Only marking assert as a keyword when compiling as Java 1.4 and later, 3) Defaulting to 1.3 to avoid rendering prior (non 1.4 aware code) invalid and 4) Issue warnings, if the keyword is ...
Tuples – .NET Framework 4.0 but it becomes popular when C# 7.0 introduced a new tuple type with language support [104] Nested functions – C# 7.0 [104] Pattern matching – C# 7.0 [104] Immutability – C# 7.2 readonly struct C# 9 record types [105] and Init only setters [106] Type classes – C# 12 roles/extensions (in development [107])
The Common Language Runtime (CLR), the virtual machine component of Microsoft.NET Framework, manages the execution of .NET programs. Just-in-time compilation converts the managed code (compiled intermediate language code) into machine instructions which are then executed on the CPU of the computer. [ 1 ]
.NET Framework natively provides utilities for object–relational mapping [31] through ADO.NET, a part of the .NET stack since version 1.0. In the earlier years of .NET development, a number of third-party object–relational libraries emerged in order to fill some perceived gaps in the framework.
Microsoft's Dynamic Language Runtime project was announced by Microsoft at MIX 2007. [2] [3] Microsoft shipped .NET DLR 0.9 beta in November 2008, [4] and final 0.9 in December 2008. Version 1.0 shipped in April 2010. In July 2010, Microsoft changed the license of the DLR from the Microsoft Public License to the Apache License 2.0. [5]
As a precursor to the lambda functions introduced in C# 3.0, C#2.0 added anonymous delegates. These provide closure-like functionality to C#. [3] Code inside the body of an anonymous delegate has full read/write access to local variables, method parameters, and class members in scope of the delegate, excepting out and ref parameters. For example:-