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The term transmutation dates back to alchemy.Alchemists pursued the philosopher's stone, capable of chrysopoeia – the transformation of base metals into gold. [3] While alchemists often understood chrysopoeia as a metaphor for a mystical or religious process, some practitioners adopted a literal interpretation and tried to make gold through physical experimentation.
Intermediate 2 is treated with the protected mannose triflate (1); the fluoride anion displaces the triflate leaving group in an S N 2 reaction, giving the protected fluorinated deoxyglucose (3). Base hydrolysis removes the acetyl protecting groups, giving the desired product ( 4 ) after removing the cryptand via ion-exchange: [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
Transmutation had previously been used as a term in alchemy to describe the transformation of base metals into gold. Other names for evolutionary ideas used in this period include the development hypothesis (one of the terms used by Darwin) and the theory of regular gradation , used by William Chilton in the periodical press such as The Oracle ...
Nuclear chemistry is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties. It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides , radium and radon together with the chemistry associated with equipment (such as ...
Dimensional transmutation, a physical mechanism providing a linkage between a dimensionless parameter and a dimensionful parameter; Nuclear transmutation, the conversion of a chemical element or isotope into another chemical element or isotope
Such transmutations are not possible according to known physics, chemistry, and biology. [3] Proponents of biological transmutations fall outside mainstream physics and are not part of accepted scientific discourse. [4] [5] Kervran's ideas about biological transmutation have no scientific basis and are considered discredited. [3]
Transversion, in molecular biology, refers to a point mutation in DNA in which a single (two ring) purine (A or G) is changed for a (one ring) pyrimidine (T or C), or vice versa. [1] A transversion can be spontaneous, or it can be caused by ionizing radiation or alkylating agents. It can only be reversed by a spontaneous reversion.
Nuclear binding energy per nucleon of common isotopes; iron-56 labelled at the curve's crest. The rarer isotopes nickel-62 and iron-58, which both have higher binding energies, are not shown.