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Python supports most object oriented programming (OOP) techniques. It allows polymorphism, not only within a class hierarchy but also by duck typing. Any object can be used for any type, and it will work so long as it has the proper methods and attributes. And everything in Python is an object, including classes, functions, numbers and modules.
Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes (both using the same syntax): old-style and new-style; [113] current Python versions only support the semantics of the new style. Python supports optional type annotations. [4] [114] These annotations are not enforced by the language, but may be used by external tools such as mypy to catch errors.
An open class can be changed. Typically, an executable program cannot be changed by customers. Developers can often change some classes, but typically cannot change standard or built-in ones. In Ruby, all classes are open. In Python, classes can be created at runtime, and all can be modified afterward. [43]
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PyCharm is an integrated development environment (IDE) used for programming in Python.It provides code analysis, a graphical debugger, an integrated unit tester, integration with version control systems, and supports web development with Django.
pip (also known by Python 3's alias pip3) is a package-management system written in Python and is used to install and manage software packages. [4] The Python Software Foundation recommends using pip for installing Python applications and its dependencies during deployment. [5]
By default, a Pandas index is a series of integers ascending from 0, similar to the indices of Python arrays. However, indices can use any NumPy data type, including floating point, timestamps, or strings. [4]: 112 Pandas' syntax for mapping index values to relevant data is the same syntax Python uses to map dictionary keys to values.
IDLE (short for Integrated Development and Learning Environment) [2] [3] is an integrated development environment for Python, which has been bundled with the default implementation of the language since 1.5.2b1. [4] [5] It is packaged as an optional part of the Python packaging with many Linux distributions.