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A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide).Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires.Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. [1]
The carat (ct) is a unit of mass equal to 200 mg (0.00705 oz; 0.00643 ozt), which is used for measuring gemstones and pearls. The current definition, sometimes known as the metric carat, was adopted in 1907 at the Fourth General Conference on Weights and Measures, [1] [2] and soon afterwards in many countries around the world.
Topaz is a silicate mineral made of aluminum and fluorine with the chemical formula Al 2 Si O 4 (F, OH) 2.It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden brown to yellow-orange. [7]
The value of aquamarine is determined by its weight, color, [5] cut, and clarity. [8] Due to its relative abundance, aquamarine is comparatively less expensive than other gemstones within the beryl group, such as emerald or bixbite (red beryl), however it is typically more expensive than similarly colored gemstones such as blue topaz.
As of 2017 larger diamonds had appreciated in value since 2008 more than smaller ones. [4] [5] In early 2025 diamond prices had dropped significantly from a peak in 2022; prices of natural gems in shops dropped by 26% by the beginning of 2025. Laboratory-grown diamonds had dropped by 74% since 2020. Prices were expected to continue decreasing.
The value of a diamond gemstone depends upon colour and quality, as well as weight. As of April 2024 the average price per carat of diamonds of between 1.00 and 1.49 carats was US$4,448. [49] The price of diamonds dropped significantly from a peak in 2022; prices of natural gems in shops dropped by 26% by the beginning of 2025.
It was again broken in 2016 when the Oppenheimer Blue, a 14.62-carat (2.924 g) vivid blue diamond became the most expensive jewel ever sold at an auction. [19] It is the largest fancy vivid blue diamond classified by the Gemological Institute of America ever sold at auction; it sold at Christie's in Geneva in May 2016 for US$50.6 million.
The pink, cushion-cut, 34.65-carat Princie Diamond used to be part of the Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad; it was auctioned in 2013 by Christie's and sold for US$ 39.3 million, which is the highest-recorded auction price for a Golconda diamond and a world record for US$ 1.1 million per carat. [87]
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