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The Phrygian language (/ ˈ f r ɪ dʒ i ə n / ⓘ) was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, spoken in Anatolia (in modern Turkey), during classical antiquity (c. 8th century BCE to 5th century CE).
Phrygian is part of the centum group of Indo-European languages. However, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th century Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language, and thus closer to Armenian and Thracian , while today it is commonly considered to be a centum language and thus closer to Greek. [ 16 ]
Graeco-Phrygian (/ ˌ ɡ r iː k oʊ ˈ f r ɪ dʒ i ən /) is a proposed subgroup of the Indo-European language family which comprises the Hellenic and Phrygian languages. Modern consensus views Greek as the closest relative of Phrygian, a position that is supported by Brixhe , Neumann, Matzinger, Woodhouse, Ligorio, Lubotsky, and Obrador-Cursach.
The name Armeno-Phrygian is used for a hypothetical language branch, which would include the languages spoken by the Phrygians and the Armenians, and would be a branch of the Indo-European language family, or a sub-branch of either the proposed "Graeco-Armeno-Aryan" or "Armeno-Aryan" branches.
Phrygian clearly did not belong to the family of Anatolian languages spoken in most of the adjacent countries, such as Hittite. [11] [12] The apparent similarity of the Phrygian language to Greek and its dissimilarity with the Anatolian languages spoken by most of their neighbors is also taken as support for a European origin of the Phrygians. [6]
The Phrygian alphabet is the script used in the earliest Phrygian texts.. It dates back to the 8th century BCE and was used until the fourth century BCE ("Old-Phrygian" inscriptions), after which it was replaced by the common Greek alphabet ("New-Phrygian" inscriptions, 1st to 3rd century CE).
The Phrygian mode (pronounced / ˈ f r ɪ dʒ i ə n /) can refer to three different musical modes: the ancient Greek tonos or harmonia, sometimes called Phrygian, formed on a particular set of octave species or scales; the medieval Phrygian mode, and the modern conception of the Phrygian mode as a diatonic scale, based on the latter.
Phrygian can refer to: Anything relating to the region of Phrygia; Anything relating to the Phrygians, an ethnic group; Phrygian language, their language; Phrygian cap, once characteristic of the region; Phrygian helmet, used historically in Thracian, Dacian, Classical and Hellenistic Greek armies, and later among Romans; Phrygian mode in music