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In 1970, 320 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention which began to meet in 1971. On 23 September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos issued the formal declaration of martial law which led to the arrests of 11 conveners, alongside government critics and journalists, by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine Constabulary. [1]
At 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced on television that he had placed the Philippines under martial law, [1] [2] stating he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM).
The 1973 constitutional plebiscite was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced secret ballot voting with a system of viva voce voting by "citizen's assemblies". [178]: 213 The ratification of the constitution was challenged in the Ratification Cases. [179] [180]
The power of authoritarianism rests in creating ambiguity in otherwise simple and collectively understood legal ideas, and then using that ambiguity to undermine the law’s original intent.
Ferdinand Marcos developed a cult of personality as a way of remaining President of the Philippines for 20 years, [1] [2] in a way that political scientists [who?] have compared to other authoritarian and totalitarian leaders such as Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler, [3] but also to more contemporary dictators such as Suharto in Indonesia, Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and the Kim dynasty of North Korea.
The referendum was set from July 27 to July 28, 1973. This referendum was marred with controversy. It is contested that there could not have been any valid referendum held from January 10 to January 15, 1973. Observers noted that many of the claimed 35,000 citizens' assemblies never met and voting was by show of hands. [1] [2]
The U.S. Constitution's Section 3 of Article I, establishes the Senate, qualifications for senators and their role after a presidential impeachment.
The Ratification Cases, officially titled as Javellana v.Executive Secretary (G.R. No. L-36142, March 31, 1973; 50 SCRA 30), was a 1973 Supreme Court of the Philippines case that allowed the 1973 Philippine Constitution to come into full force, which led to President Ferdinand Marcos staying in office and ruling by decree until he was ousted by the People Power Revolution in 1986.