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An enhancer localized in a DNA region distant from the promoter of a gene can have a very large effect on gene expression, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased expression due to an activated enhancer. [32] Enhancers are regions of the genome that are major gene-regulatory elements. Enhancers control cell-type-specific gene ...
Enhanceosomes are formed in special cases when these activators cooperatively bind together along the enhancer sequence to create a distinct three-dimensional structure. Each enhanceosome is unique towards its specific enhancer. This assembly is facilitated by energetically favorable protein: protein and protein: DNA interactions. Therefore ...
The 5′ flanking region contains the promoter, and may contain enhancers or other protein binding sites. It is the region of DNA that is not transcribed into RNA. Not to be confused with the 5′ untranslated region, this region is not transcribed into RNA or translated into a functional protein.
The structures of a typical enhancer compared to a super-enhancer. Cell differentiation in multicellular organisms with different cell types is determined, in each cell type, by the expression of genes under the regulatory control of typical enhancers and super-enhancers.
In molecular biology, insertional mutagenesis is the creation of mutations in DNA by the addition of one or more base pairs. Such insertional mutations can occur naturally, mediated by viruses or transposons, or can be artificially created for research purposes in the lab.
Regions of heterochromatin can spread and influence transcription, which may result in the cessation of gene expression and subsequently, white eye sectors. Position effect is also used to describe the variation of expression exhibited by identical transgenes that insert into different regions of a genome .
According to this model, the heterochromatin forces an altered chromatin conformation on the euchromatic region. Due to this, the transcriptional machinery cannot access the gene which leads to the inhibition of transcription. [5] In other words, the heterochromatin spreads and causes gene silencing by packaging the normally euchromatic region. [2]
An active enhancer regulatory region of DNA is enabled to interact with the promoter DNA region of its target gene by the formation of a chromosome loop. This can initiate messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene.