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Acrylonitrile is produced by catalytic ammoxidation of propylene, also known as the SOHIO process. In 2002, world production capacity was estimated at 5 million tonnes per year, [5] [8] rising to about 6 million tonnes by 2017. [9] Acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide are significant byproducts that are recovered for sale. [5]
Propylene, also known as propene, is an unsaturated organic compound with the chemical formula CH 3 CH=CH 2. It has one double bond , and is the second simplest member of the alkene class of hydrocarbons .
When the polymer is formed, the C=C double bond in the monomer is replaced by a C-C single bond in the polymer repeat unit, which links by two new bonds to adjoining repeat units. In condensation polymers (see examples below), the repeat unit contains fewer atoms than the monomer or monomers from which it is formed.
Vinyl chloride is an organochloride with the formula H 2 C=CHCl. It is also called vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) or chloroethene. It is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Vinyl chloride is a colourless flammable gas that has a sweet odor and is carcinogenic.
PAN is soluble in polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, ethylene and propylene carbonates, and in aqueous solutions of sodium thiocyanate, zinc chloride or nitric acid. [13] Solubility parameters: 26.09 MPa 1/2 (25 °C) are 25.6 to 31.5 J 1/2 cm −3/2. Dielectric constants: 5.5 (1 kHz, 25 °C), 4.2 (1 MHz, 25 °C).Can ...
Due to side reactions, not all radicals formed by the dissociation of initiator molecules actually add monomers to form polymer chains. The efficiency factor f is defined as the fraction of the original initiator which contributes to the polymerization reaction. The maximal value of f is 1, but typical values range from 0.3 to 0.8. [7]
Vinyl polymers are subject of several structural variations, which greatly expands the range of polymers and their applications. With the exception of polyethylene, vinyl polymers can arise from head-to-tail linking of monomers, head-to-head combined with tail-to-tail, or a mixture of those two patterns. Additionally the substituted carbon center in such polymers is stereogenic (a "chiral center")
Polymer nomenclature is generally based upon the type of monomer residues comprising the polymer. A polymer which contains only a single type of repeat unit is known as a homopolymer, while a polymer containing two or more types of repeat units is known as a copolymer. [22] A terpolymer is a copolymer which contains three types of repeat units ...