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PAE was first introduced by Intel in the Pentium Pro, and later by AMD in the Athlon processor. [2] It defines a page table hierarchy of three levels (instead of two), with table entries of 64 bits each instead of 32, allowing these CPUs to directly access a physical address space larger than 4 gigabytes (2 32 bytes).
The 32-bit PAE desktop kernel (linux-image-generic-pae) in Ubuntu 9.10 and later, also provides the PAE mode needed for hardware with the NX CPU feature. For systems that lack NX hardware, the 32-bit kernels now provide an approximation of the NX CPU feature via software emulation that can help block many exploits an attacker might run from ...
Many x86 operating systems, including any version of Linux with a PAE kernel and some versions of Windows Server and macOS, can use PAE to address up to 64 GiB of memory on an x86 system. [8] [9] [10] There are other factors that may limit this ability to use up to 64 GiB of memory, and lead to the "3 GB barrier" under certain circumstances ...
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This is a 4096-fold increase over the default 2 GiB user-mode virtual address space offered by 32-bit Windows. [110] [111] 8 TiB of kernel mode virtual address space for the operating system. [110] As with the user mode address space, this is a 4096-fold increase over 32-bit Windows versions.
The NX bit (no-execute) is a technology used in CPUs to segregate areas of a virtual address space to store either data or processor instructions. An operating system with support for the NX bit may mark certain areas of an address space as non-executable. The processor will then refuse to execute any code residing in these areas of the address ...
Store-using-real-address-event mask 9 8 Branch-address control 9 10 Storage-alteration-space control 9 16-31 PER general-register masks 10 1-31 PER starting address 11 1-31 PER ending address 12 0 Branch-trace control 12 1-29 Trace-entry address 12 30 ASN-trace control 12 31 Explicit-trace control 13 0 Home space-switch-event control 13 1-19
One of the major improvements the PCI Local Bus had over other I/O architectures was its configuration mechanism. In addition to the normal memory-mapped and I/O port spaces, each device function on the bus has a configuration space, which is 256 bytes long, addressable by knowing the eight-bit PCI bus, five-bit device, and three-bit function numbers for the device (commonly referred to as the ...