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Molecular distillation is vacuum distillation below the pressure of 0.01 torr. 0.01 torr is one order of magnitude above high vacuum, where fluids are in the free molecular flow regime, i.e., the mean free path of molecules is comparable to the size of the equipment. The gaseous phase no longer exerts significant pressure on the substance to be ...
A Kugelrohr (German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus [1]: 150 typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.
English: Simple Distillations Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature
The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column. Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial [1] and laboratory [2] distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.
A fractionating column or fractional column is equipment used in the distillation of liquid mixtures to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on their differences in volatility. Fractionating columns are used in small-scale laboratory distillations as well as large-scale industrial distillations.
The necks of traditional Florence flasks often do not have a ground glass joint like modern round bottom flasks do. Round-bottom flasks are used more commonly by professional chemists than Florence flasks. Retort: A spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck, specially used for distillation or dry distillation of substances.
Short-path distillation is a distillation technique that involves the distillate traveling a short distance, often only a few centimeters, and is normally done at reduced pressure. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Short-path distillation systems often have a variety of names depending on the manufacturer of the system and what compounds are being distilled within them.
In chemistry, a condenser is laboratory apparatus used to condense vapors – that is, turn them into liquids – by cooling them down. [1] Condensers are routinely used in laboratory operations such as distillation, reflux, and extraction. In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are ...