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Academics within settler colonial studies argue that Australian settler colonialism involves the attempted elimination of Indigenous Australians and their replacement by a settler society. Initially carried out by violent means, such as "massacres, forced starvation, poisoning, rape, disease, and incarceration", settler colonialism is contended ...
Thirteen Colonies of North America: Dark Red = New England colonies. Bright Red = Middle Atlantic colonies. Red-brown = Southern colonies. Mainly due to discrimination, there was often a separation between English colonial communities and indigenous communities.
Settler colonial studies has often focused on former British colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand, which are close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism. [7] However, settler colonialism is not restricted to any specific culture and has been practised by non-Europeans. [ 2 ]
Postcolonialism is a term used to recognize the continued and troubling presence and influence of colonialism within the period designated as after-the-colonial. It refers to the ongoing effects that colonial encounters, dispossession and power have in shaping the familiar structures (social, political, spatial, uneven global interdependencies ...
American whalers frequented the islands from the 1820s onward. [78] American and Hawaiian Protestant missionaries also began efforts to convert the islanders in the 1850s. [78] During the 1860s, German Adolph Capelle built the first large-scale trading company in the Marshalls. [77] German trading firms began operations in the Marshalls soon ...
Over the next few decades, the colonies of New Zealand, Queensland, South Australia, Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania), and Victoria were created from New South Wales, as well as an aborted Colony of North Australia. On 1 January 1901, these colonies, excepting New Zealand, became states in the Commonwealth of Australia.
The decolonisation of Oceania occurred after World War II when nations in Oceania achieved independence by transitioning from European colonial rule to full independence. While most of the countries of Oceania have a specific independence day , the independence of Australia and the independence of New Zealand were a gradual process and cannot ...
According to historian Alan Taylor, the population of the Thirteen Colonies (the British North American colonies which would eventually form the United States) stood at 1.5 million in 1750. [70] More than ninety percent of the colonists lived as farmers, though cities like Philadelphia, New York, and Boston flourished. [71]