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Extended memory is located above 1 MB, includes the high memory area, and ends at 16 MB on the Intel 286 and at 4 GB on the Intel 386DX and later. In DOS memory management, extended memory refers to memory above the first megabyte (2 20 bytes) of address space in an IBM PC or compatible with an 80286 or later processor.
An example of this would be using DCO to make an 80-gigabyte HDD appear as a 60-gigabyte HDD to both the (OS) and the BIOS.... Given the potential to place data in these hidden areas, this is an area of concern for computer forensics investigators. An additional issue for forensic investigators is imaging the HDD that has the HPA and/or DCO on ...
EMM386.EXE can map memory into unused blocks in the upper memory area (UMA), allowing device drivers and terminate-and-stay-resident programs to be "loaded high", preserving conventional memory. The technique probably first appeared with the development of CEMM , included with Compaq's OEM MS-DOS for the Compaq Deskpro 386 in 1986.
Mac OS X Tiger through Mac OS X Snow Leopard support PAE and the NX bit on IA-32 processors; Snow Leopard was the last version to support IA-32 processors. On x86-64 processors, all versions of macOS use 4-level paging (IA-32e paging rather than PAE) to address memory above 4GB. Mac Pro and Xserve systems can use up to 64 GB of RAM. [23]
The 1 MB total address space was a result of the 20-bit address space limit imposed on the 8088 CPU. Using the color video buffer space, some third-party utilities could add memory at the top of the 640k conventional memory area, to extend memory up to the base address used by hardware adapters. This could ultimately backfill RAM up to the MDA ...
Therefore, the 640 KB barrier was removed at the cost of software compatibility. This usage of the upper memory area is different from using upper memory blocks, which was used to free conventional memory by moving device drivers and TSRs into the upper 384 KB of the 1 MB address space, but left the amount of addressable memory (640 KB) intact.
Certain emulation programs, colloquially known as LIMulators, did not rely on motherboard or 80386 features at all. Instead, they reserved 64 KiB of the base RAM for the expanded memory window, where they copied data to and from either extended memory or the hard disk when application programs requested page switches.
Secure deletion of free space or disk using a "zero out" data, a 7-pass DOD 5220-22 M standard, or a 35-pass Gutmann algorithm; Adding or changing partition table between Apple Partition Map, GUID Partition Table, and master boot record (MBR) Restoring volumes from Apple Software Restore (ASR) images; Checking the S.M.A.R.T. status of a hard disk
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