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Russell's viper, Daboia russelii Dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT) is a laboratory test often used for detection of lupus anticoagulant (LA). It is an assessment of the time for blood to clot in the presence of a diluted amount of venom from Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), a highly venomous snake native to the Indian subcontinent and named after the herpetologist Patrick Russell.
In a suspected antiphospholipid syndrome, lupus anticoagulant is generally tested in conjunction with anti-apolipoprotein antibodies and anti-cardiolipin antibodies, and diagnostic criteria require one clinical event (i.e. thrombosis or pregnancy complication) and two positive blood test results spaced at least three months apart that detect at ...
KCT is similar to the activated partial thromboplastin time test, except it does not use exogenous phospholipid. [2] Thus, a confirmatory test that uses excess phospholipid is needed to validate the presence of lupus anticoagulants. [2] Otherwise, diluting the test plasma in normal plasma before testing provides characteristic mixing patterns. [8]
Mixing studies are tests performed on blood plasma of patients or test subjects to distinguish factor deficiencies from factor inhibitors, such as lupus anticoagulant, or specific factor inhibitors, such as antibodies directed against factor VIII. [1] Mixing studies are screening tests widely performed in coagulation laboratories.
The research criteria for definite APS requires one clinical event (i.e. thrombosis or pregnancy complication) and two positive blood test results spaced at least three months apart that detect lupus anticoagulant, anti-apolipoprotein antibodies, and/or anti-cardiolipin antibodies. [4] Antiphospholipid syndrome can be primary or secondary.
When skin not exposed to the sun is tested, a positive direct IF (the so-called lupus band test) is evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. [101] ANA screening yields positive results in many connective tissue disorders and other autoimmune diseases, and may occur in normal individuals.
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Patients with drug-induced lupus erythematosus typically have positive tests for anti-histone antibodies but do not have indications for anti-dsDNA antibodies. Patients with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus have both types of autoantibodies present in their blood. Thus, this test can be useful in distinguishing these two illnesses. [9]
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