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In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses sold in the market. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), poor urban consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them vulnerable to higher food prices.
Shenzhen's village structure, sustainable methods, and agricultural advancements initiated by the government have been strategically configured to supply food for the city. [27] The city farms are located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city center in a two-tier system. The first tier, closest to the city center, produces perishable items.
Sustainable urban agriculture is an emerging field that involves the practice of growing fruits, vegetables, and other food crops within city limits, using methods that are environmentally friendly and socially responsible. [1]
[105] [107] In sustainable agriculture, the services that ecosystems provide include pollination, soil formation, and nutrient cycling, all of which are necessary functions for the production of food. [108] It is also claimed sustainable agriculture is best considered as an ecosystem approach to agriculture, called agroecology. [109]
[16] [17] The definition of sustainable agriculture varies depending on whether it is being defined within political or scientific discourse. [18] The global political discourse focuses on economic and social dimensions, such as food production to support the world's increasing population, with a focus on developing countries and human rights. [18]
Eco-city development occurring around the world helps develop and implement water conservation, smart grids with renewable energy sources, LED street lights, and energy-efficient buildings. The consumption gap remains: "roughly 80 percent of the natural resources used each year are consumed by about 20 percent of the world's population".
In 2024, Reiff and colleagues stated that permaculture is a "sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture", and that it "strongly" enhances carbon stocks, soil quality, and biodiversity, making it "an effective tool to promote sustainable agriculture, ensure sustainable production patterns, combat climate change and halt and reverse land ...
Sustainable food systems start with the development of sustainable agricultural practices, development of more sustainable food distribution systems, creation of sustainable diets, and reduction of food waste throughout the system. Sustainable food systems have been argued to be central to many [1] or all [2] 17 Sustainable Development Goals. [3]