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  2. Non-sampling error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-sampling_error

    Non-sampling errors are much harder to quantify than sampling errors. [2] Non-sampling errors in survey estimates can arise from: [3] Coverage errors, such as failure to accurately represent all population units in the sample, or the inability to obtain information about all sample cases; Response errors by respondents due for example to ...

  3. Errors and residuals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals

    Note that, because of the definition of the sample mean, the sum of the residuals within a random sample is necessarily zero, and thus the residuals are necessarily not independent. The statistical errors, on the other hand, are independent, and their sum within the random sample is almost surely not zero.

  4. Inverse problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_problem

    Non-linear inverse problems constitute an inherently more difficult family of inverse problems. Here the forward map is a non-linear operator. Modeling of physical phenomena often relies on the solution of a partial differential equation (see table above except for gravity law): although these partial differential equations are often linear ...

  5. Accuracy and precision - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision

    While precision is a description of random errors (a measure of statistical variability), accuracy has two different definitions: More commonly, a description of systematic errors (a measure of statistical bias of a given measure of central tendency, such as the mean). In this definition of "accuracy", the concept is independent of "precision ...

  6. Propagation of uncertainty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_of_uncertainty

    Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables ⁡ (+) = ⁡ + ⁡ + ⁡ (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...

  7. Common cause and special cause (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cause_and_special...

    In 1703, Jacob Bernoulli wrote to Gottfried Leibniz to discuss their shared interest in applying mathematics and probability to games of chance. Bernoulli speculated whether it would be possible to gather mortality data from gravestones and thereby calculate, by their existing practice, the probability of a man currently aged 20 years outliving a man aged 60 years.

  8. Error analysis (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_analysis_(mathematics)

    Stability is a measure of the sensitivity to rounding errors of a given numerical procedure; by contrast, the condition number of a function for a given problem indicates the inherent sensitivity of the function to small perturbations in its input and is independent of the implementation used to solve the problem. [5] [6]

  9. Bias (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(statistics)

    In educational measurement, bias is defined as "Systematic errors in test content, test administration, and/or scoring procedures that can cause some test takers to get either lower or higher scores than their true ability would merit." [16] The source of the bias is irrelevant to the trait the test is intended to measure.