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  2. Retainer (orthodontics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retainer_(orthodontics)

    This retainer is intended to be adjustable similarly to the traditional Hawley retainer, which is not practical with vacuum-formed retainers. Research shows that Hawley retainers are not effective for preventing incisor irregularity relapse. [4] Hawley retainers also affect speech, especially the d, s, t, and i sounds, however as they are often ...

  3. Activator appliance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activator_appliance

    Viggo Andersen first used this appliance on his daughter's mandibular teeth in the summer of 1908. He took the mechanical braces off from his daughter, and he had her wear the "Biofunctional Retainer" throughout the summer in the mandibular arch. The maxillary arch received Hawley retainer. After a while, Viggo realized that her daughter's ...

  4. List of orthodontic functional appliances - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Orthodontic...

    Upper and Lower Jaw Functional Expanders. This is a comprehensive list of functional appliances that are used in the field of orthodontics.The functional appliances can be divided into fixed and removable.

  5. Charles A. Hawley - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Hawley

    Charles Augustus Hawley (March 13, 1861 – July 22, 1929) was an American orthodontist who is known for developing the Hawley retainer which is used in the field of Orthodontics. He attended Angle School of Orthodontia and graduated from there in 1905.

  6. Palatal expansion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_expansion

    The use of an expander is most common in children and adolescents 8–18 years of age. It can also be used in adults, although expansion is more uncomfortable and takes longer in adults. A patient who would rather not wait several months for the end result achieved by a palatal expander may be able to opt for a surgical separation of the maxilla.

  7. Clear aligners - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_aligners

    Chishti conceived of the basic design of InvisAlign while an adult orthodontics patient. During his treatment with a retainer intended to complete his treatment, he posited that a series of such devices could effect a large final placement in a series of small movements. [9] [10] [23] Sales began in the U.S. in 1999. [4] [11]

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