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Inflammaging (also known as inflamm-aging or inflamm-ageing) is a chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation that develops with advanced age, in the absence of overt infection, and may contribute to clinical manifestations of other age-related pathologies.
The mitochondrial theory of ageing has two varieties: free radical and non-free radical. The first is one of the variants of the free radical theory of ageing. It was formulated by J. Miquel and colleagues in 1980 [1] and was developed in the works of Linnane and coworkers (1989). [2] The second was proposed by A. N. Lobachev in 1978. [3]
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[59] [60] [61] A substantial body of evidence implicates chronic inflammation as a critical driver of immune dysfunction, premature appearance of aging-related diseases, and immune deficiency. [ 59 ] [ 62 ] Many now regard HIV infection not only as an evolving virus-induced immunodeficiency, but also as chronic inflammatory disease. [ 63 ]
T cells' functional capacity is most influenced by aging effects. Age-related alterations are evident in all T-cell development stages, making them a significant factor in immunosenescence. [27] T-cell function decline begins with the progressive involution of the thymus, which is the organ essential for T-cell maturation.
After age 30, the mass of the human body is decreased until 70 years and then shows damping oscillations. [25] People over 35 years of age are at increasing risk for losing strength in the ciliary muscle of the eyes, which leads to difficulty focusing on close objects, or presbyopia. [28] [29] Most people experience presbyopia by age 45–50. [30]
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. The hallmarks of aging are the types of biochemical changes that occur in all organisms that experience biological aging and lead to a progressive loss of physiological integrity, impaired function and, eventually, death.
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