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  2. Bivalent (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalent_(genetics)

    A tetrad is the association of a pair of homologous chromosomes (4 sister chromatids) physically held together by at least one DNA crossover. This physical attachment allows for alignment and segregation of the homologous chromosomes in the first meiotic division. In most organisms, each replicated chromosome (composed of two identical sisters ...

  3. Meiosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis

    Meiosis I segregates homologous chromosomes, which are joined as tetrads (2n, 4c), producing two haploid cells (n chromosomes, 23 in humans) which each contain chromatid pairs (1n, 2c). Because the ploidy is reduced from diploid to haploid, meiosis I is referred to as a reductional division .

  4. Homologous chromosome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_chromosome

    Homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother; the other is inherited from the organism's father.

  5. Tetrad (meiosis) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrad_(meiosis)

    Tetrad dissection has become a powerful tool of yeast geneticists, and is used in conjunction with the many established procedures utilizing the versatility of yeasts as model organisms. Use of modern microscopy and micromanipulation techniques allows the four haploid spores of a yeast tetrad to be separated and germinated individually to form ...

  6. Chiasma (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiasma_(genetics)

    In genetics, a chiasma (pl.: chiasmata) is the point of contact, the physical link, between two (non-sister) chromatids belonging to homologous chromosomes. At a given chiasma, an exchange of genetic material can occur between both chromatids, what is called a chromosomal crossover, but this is much more frequent during meiosis than mitosis. [1]

  7. Synapsis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsis

    Synapsis or Syzygy is the pairing of two chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of meiosis. When homologous chromosomes synapse, their ends are first attached to the nuclear envelope.

  8. Sister chromatids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_chromatids

    The paternal (blue) chromosome and the maternal (pink) chromosome are homologous chromosomes. Following chromosomal DNA replication, the blue chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids and the pink chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids. In mitosis, the sister chromatids separate into the daughter cells, but ...

  9. Achiasmate meiosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achiasmate_Meiosis

    The pachytene stage of prophase I typically results in the formation of chiasmata between homologous non-sister chromatids in the tetrad chromosomes that form. [1] The formation of a chiasma is also referred to as crossing over. When two homologous chromatids cross over, they form a chiasma at the point of their intersection.