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  2. Equilibrium chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry

    The equilibrium constant for a full redox reaction can be obtained from the standard redox potentials of the constituent half-reactions. At equilibrium the potential for the two half-reactions must be equal to each other and, of course, the number of electrons exchanged must be the same in the two half reactions. [32]

  3. Chemical equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium

    The concept of chemical equilibrium was developed in 1803, after Berthollet found that some chemical reactions are reversible. [4] For any reaction mixture to exist at equilibrium, the rates of the forward and backward (reverse) reactions must be equal. In the following chemical equation, arrows point both ways to indicate equilibrium. [5]

  4. Chemical thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics

    In most cases of interest in chemical thermodynamics there are internal degrees of freedom and processes, such as chemical reactions and phase transitions, which create entropy in the universe unless they are at equilibrium or are maintained at a "running equilibrium" through "quasi-static" changes by being coupled to constraining devices, such ...

  5. Equilibrium constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_constant

    The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change.

  6. Le Chatelier's principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chatelier's_principle

    In chemistry, Le Chatelier's principle (pronounced UK: / l ə ʃ æ ˈ t ɛ l j eɪ / or US: / ˈ ʃ ɑː t əl j eɪ /) [1] is a principle used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibrium. [2] Other names include Chatelier's principle, Braun–Le Chatelier principle, Le Chatelier–Braun principle or the equilibrium ...

  7. Law of mass action - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_mass_action

    Two chemists generally expressed the composition of a mixture in terms of numerical values relating the amount of the product to describe the equilibrium state. Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage, building on Claude Louis Berthollet's ideas [4] [5] about reversible chemical reactions, proposed the law of mass action in 1864.

  8. Man accused of attacking Colorado reporter has had mental ...

    www.aol.com/man-accused-attacking-colorado...

    A man accused of attacking a Colorado reporter after questioning whether he was a citizen and saying “This is Trump’s America now” has had mental health issues for years, his lawyer said.

  9. Chemical kinetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_kinetics

    Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate.