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High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), also known as glucose–fructose, isoglucose and glucose–fructose syrup, [1] [2] is a sweetener made from corn starch. As in the production of conventional corn syrup , the starch is broken down into glucose by enzymes.
Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847. [7] [8] The name "fructose" was coined in 1857 by the English chemist William Allen Miller. [9] Pure, dry fructose is a sweet, white, odorless, crystalline solid, and is the most water-soluble of all the sugars. [10]
It is also present in the form of refined sugars including granulated sugars (white crystalline table sugar, brown sugar, confectioner's sugar, and turbinado sugar), refined crystalline fructose, as high fructose corn syrups as well as in honey. About 10% of the calories contained in the Western diet are supplied by fructose (approximately 55 g ...
Past studies link the consumption of fructose or high-fructose corn syrup to an increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, kidney disease, and cancer.
There is a link between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [31] Type 2 diabetes is unlikely to be caused directly by sugar. [32] It is likely that weight gain caused by sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is what increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. [32]
In the United States, added sugars may include sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup, both primarily composed of about half glucose and half fructose. [7] Other types of added sugar ingredients include beet and cane sugars, malt syrup, maple syrup, pancake syrup, fructose sweetener, liquid fructose, fruit juice concentrate, honey, and molasses.
They are usually colorless, water-soluble, and crystalline organic solids. Contrary to their name (sugars), only some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Most monosaccharides have the formula (CH 2 O) x (though not all molecules with this formula are monosaccharides). Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose ...
Glucose syrup was the primary corn sweetener in the United States prior to the expanded use of high fructose corn syrup production in 1964. [14] HFCS is a variant in which other enzymes are used to convert some of the glucose into fructose. [15] The resulting syrup is sweeter and more soluble. [citation needed]
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