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  2. SQLSTATE - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLSTATE

    Programs calling a database that accords to the SQL standard receive an indication of the success or failure of the call. This return code - which is called SQLSTATE - consists of 5 bytes. This return code - which is called SQLSTATE - consists of 5 bytes.

  3. Information Object Class (ASN.1) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Object_Class...

    SQL permits only one instance of a table of given type (OPERATION in the example below), while ASN.1 permits multiple Information Object Sets derived from the same Information Object Class, what should be most correctly related to multiple instances of the same table in terms of SQL (OPERATION in the example below).

  4. SQL syntax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_syntax

    This is an important element of SQL. Statements, which may have a persistent effect on schemata and data, or may control transactions, program flow, connections, sessions, or diagnostics. SQL statements also include the semicolon (";") statement terminator. Though not required on every platform, it is defined as a standard part of the SQL grammar.

  5. Consistency (database systems) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistency_(database_systems)

    Any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including constraints, cascades, triggers, and any combination thereof. This does not guarantee correctness of the transaction in all ways the application programmer might have wanted (that is the responsibility of application-level code) but merely that any ...

  6. Object–relational impedance mismatch - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object–relational...

    Object–relational impedance mismatch is a set of difficulties going between data in relational data stores and data in domain-driven object models. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) is the standard method for storing data in a dedicated database, while object-oriented (OO) programming is the default method for business-centric design in programming languages.

  7. Data definition language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_definition_language

    Many data description languages use a declarative syntax to define columns and data types. Structured Query Language (SQL), however, uses a collection of imperative verbs whose effect is to modify the schema of the database by adding, changing, or deleting definitions of tables or other elements. These statements can be freely mixed with other ...

  8. Savepoint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savepoint

    A savepoint is a way of implementing subtransactions (also known as nested transactions) within a relational database management system by indicating a point within a transaction that can be "rolled back to" without affecting any work done in the transaction before the savepoint was created. Multiple savepoints can exist within a single ...

  9. SQL - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL

    SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...