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Following increased concern over AI risks, government leaders such as United Kingdom prime minister Rishi Sunak [17] and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres [18] called for an increased focus on global AI regulation. Two sources of concern stem from the problems of AI control and alignment. Controlling a superintelligent machine ...
The concept originates in the following parable from the German philosopher Schopenhauer: [2] [3] One cold winter's day, a number of porcupines huddled together quite closely in order through their mutual warmth to prevent themselves from being frozen. But they soon felt the effect of their quills on one another, which made them again move apart.
The two theories that dominate contemporary human rights discussion are the interest theory and the will theory. Interest theory argues that the principal function of human rights is to protect and promote certain essential human interests, while will theory attempts to establish the validity of human rights based on the unique human capacity ...
The principle of equal consideration of interests is a moral principle that states that one should both include all affected interests when calculating the rightness of an action and weigh those interests equally. [1]
In the first two sections, Saadia discusses the metaphysical problems of the creation of the world (i.) and the unity of the Creator (ii.); in the following sections, he discusses revelation (iii.) and the doctrines of belief based upon divine justice, including obedience and disobedience (iv.), as well as merit and demerit (v.). Closely ...
In order to study scientific knowledge from a sociological point of view, the strong programme has adhered to a form of radical relativism. In other words, it argues that – in the social study of institutionalised beliefs about " truth " – it would be unwise to use "truth" as an explanatory resource.
Stowaway passengers who avoid payment turnstiles are "free-riding" on the train. In economics, the free-rider problem is a type of market failure that occurs when those who benefit from resources, public goods and common pool resources [a] do not pay for them [1] or under-pay.
Simulated data of the relation between subjective (self-assessed) and objective IQ. The upper diagram shows the individual data points and the lower one shows the averages of the different IQ groups. This simulation is based only on the statistical effect known as the regression toward the mean together with the better-than-average effect ...