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Millipedes, myriapods of the class Diplopoda, contain approximately 12,000 described species organized into 16 extant orders and approximately 140 families. This list is based on Shear, 2011, [1] sorted alphabetically by order and taxonomically within order. Note: The names of millipede orders end in "-ida"; suborders end in "-idea".
Polydesmida (from the Greek poly "many" and desmos "bond") is the largest order of millipedes, with more than 5,000 species, [2] [3] including all the millipedes reported to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN). [4] This order is also the most diverse of the millipede orders in terms of morphology. [5]
Approximately 12,000 millipede species have been described. Estimates of the true number of species on earth range from 15,000 [8] to as high as 80,000. [9] Few species of millipede are at all widespread; they have very poor dispersal abilities, depending as they do on terrestrial locomotion and humid habitats.
Polydesmidae is a family of millipedes in the order Polydesmida. [1] This family includes more than 240 species in more than 30 genera. These millipedes have a mostly Holarctic distribution that extends south not only to Mexico and North Africa but also as far as Java. [2]
Although the name "millipede" is a compound word formed from the Latin roots millia ("thousand") and pes (gen. pedis) ("foot"), millipedes typically have between 36 and 400 legs. In 2021, however, was described Eumillipes persephone , the first species known to have 1,000 or more legs, possessing 1,306 of them. [ 28 ]
T. whitei is an eyeless, white (unpigmented) millipede. In common with all trichopetalids, it has rows of very elongate segmental setae extending in rows along the dorsal side. Proper identification requires microscopic examination and dissection of the gonopods (copulatory apparatus) by a specialist skilled in millipede identification.
Julidae is a family of millipedes in the order Julida, containing more than 600 species in around 20 genera. [2] Its members are largely confined to the Western Palaearctic, with only a few species extending into the Oriental and Afrotropical realms. [2]
Narceus americanus is a large millipede of eastern North America. Common names include American giant millipede, [1] worm millipede, and iron worm. [2] It inhabits the eastern seaboard of North America west to Georgetown, Texas, north of the Ottine wetlands. [3] It has a nearly cylindrical gray body, reaching a length of 4 inches (100 mm). [4]