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  2. Topicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topicity

    Enantiotopic groups are identical and indistinguishable except in chiral environments. For instance, the CH 2 hydrogens in ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) are normally enantiotopic, but can be made different (diastereotopic) if combined with a chiral center, for instance by conversion to an ester of a chiral carboxylic acid such as lactic acid, or if coordinated to a chiral metal center, or if ...

  3. Indistinguishable particles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indistinguishable_particles

    For two indistinguishable particles, a state before the particle exchange must be physically equivalent to the state after the exchange, so these two states differ at most by a complex phase factor. This fact suggests that a state for two indistinguishable (and non-interacting) particles is given by following two possibilities: [2] [3] [4]

  4. List of particles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles

    Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure; that is, it is unknown whether they are composed of other particles. [1] They are the fundamental objects of quantum field theory. Many families and sub-families of elementary particles exist. Elementary particles are classified according to their spin.

  5. Proton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

    Protons and neutrons, each with a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit, are jointly referred to as nucleons (particles present in atomic nuclei). One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom. They provide the attractive electrostatic central force which binds the atomic electrons.

  6. Down quark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark

    In the beginnings of particle physics (first half of the 20th century), hadrons such as protons, neutrons, and pions were thought to be elementary particles. However, as new hadrons were discovered, the ' particle zoo ' grew from a few particles in the early 1930s and 1940s to several dozens of them in the 1950s.

  7. Your Tea Bag Could Be Releasing Billions Of Microplastics ...

    www.aol.com/tea-bag-could-releasing-billions...

    Specifically, polypropylene released about 1.2 billion particles per milliliter, cellulose released roughly 135 million particles per milliliter, and nylon-6 released 8.18 million particles per ...

  8. Cluster (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_(physics)

    In physics, the term clusters denotes small, polyatomic particles. As a rule of thumb, any particle made of between 3×10 0 and 3×10 7 atoms is considered a cluster.. The term can also refer to the organization of protons and neutrons within an atomic nucleus, e.g. the alpha particle (also known as "α-cluster" [1]), consisting of two protons and two neutrons (as in a helium nucleus).

  9. College Football Playoff: Which teams are in position for the ...

    www.aol.com/sports/college-football-playoff...

    The College Football Playoff cake is getting close to baked, which means much of the angst and anger of the past few weeks over hypothetical and projected scenarios have proved a waste of time.