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Gradients are expressed as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal distance; for example, a 1% gradient (1 in 100) means the track rises 1 vertical unit for every 100 horizontal units. On such a gradient, a locomotive can pull half (or less) of the load that it can pull on level track.
Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1.Click on to enlarge Slope of a line in coordinates system, from f(x) = −12x + 2 to f(x) = 12x + 2. The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, [5] and is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct points on the line.
In general, if an increase of x percent is followed by a decrease of x percent, and the initial amount was p, the final amount is p (1 + 0.01 x)(1 − 0.01 x) = p (1 − (0.01 x) 2); hence the net change is an overall decrease by x percent of x percent (the square of the original percent change when expressed as a decimal number).
1 in 8.6 (11.6%) Pöstlingbergbahn, Austria: 1898: 1 in 9 (11.1%) Cass Scenic Railway, West Virginia, United States: 1901: Former logging railway, steepest non-electrified adhesion railway 1 in 9 (11%) or 1 in 10 (10%) Estrada de Ferro Campos do Jordão, Brazil: 22 existing railways merged and nationalised in 1953 1 in 9.5 (10.5%)
The album-equivalent unit, or album equivalent, [1] is a measurement unit in music industry to define the consumption of music that equals the purchase of one album copy. [2] [3] This consumption includes streaming and song downloads in addition to traditional album sales. The album-equivalent unit was introduced in the mid-2010s as an answer ...
Because log(x) is the sum of the terms of the form log(1 + 2 −k) corresponding to those k for which the factor 1 + 2 −k was included in the product P, log(x) may be computed by simple addition, using a table of log(1 + 2 −k) for all k. Any base may be used for the logarithm table. [53]
The photo shows two flood mark lines, which represent the wave run-up of two subsequent storms (on October 12, 2009, with water levels at 2.2 metres (7 ft 3 in) and 1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in) above mean sea level) in the Bathpolder. In the foreground, there is a slope with Haringman blocks, while the background features a slope of Elastocoast.
Some use the term "distortion factor" as a synonym for THD R, [18] while others use it as a synonym for THD F. [ 19 ] The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) also defines another term total harmonic factor for the "ratio of the RMS value of the harmonic content of an alternating quantity to the RMS value of the quantity" using a ...