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  2. Hydronephrosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

    The signs and symptoms of hydronephrosis depend upon whether the obstruction is acute or chronic, partial or complete, unilateral or bilateral.Hydronephrosis that occurs acutely with sudden onset (as caused by a kidney stone) can cause intense pain in the flank area (between the hips and ribs) known as a renal colic.

  3. Pyonephrosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyonephrosis

    Clinical symptoms in patients with pyonephrosis can range from frank sepsis (15%) to asymptomatic bacteriuria.Upon physical examination, the hydronephrotic kidney may be linked to a palpable abdominal mass. [4]

  4. Kidney stone disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease

    Renal calculi have affected humans throughout history with a description of surgery to remove them dating from as early as 600 BC in ancient India by Sushruta. [1] Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by renal calculi at some point in their lives. [8] [11] In 2015, 22.1 million cases occurred, [5] resulting in about 16,100 deaths. [6]

  5. Kidney - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney

    The intercalated A cells are stimulated when the body is experiencing acidic conditions. Under acidic conditions, the high concentration of CO 2 in the blood creates a gradient for CO 2 to move into the cell and push the reaction HCO 3 + H ↔ H 2 CO 3 ↔ CO 2 + H 2 O to the left. On the luminal side of the cell there is a H + pump and a H

  6. Collecting duct system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_duct_system

    The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis.The collecting duct participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).

  7. Excretory system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretory_system

    In humans and other amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles), most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating. Only the organs specifically used for the excretion are considered a part of the excretory system. In the narrow sense, the term refers to the urinary system ...

  8. Renal corpuscle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_corpuscle

    Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries. They regulate blood flow by their contractile activity and secrete extracellular matrix, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Mesangial cells also have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration ...

  9. List of human cell types - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types

    The Human Cell Atlas project, which started in 2016, had as one of its goals to "catalog all cell types (for example, immune cells or brain cells) and sub-types in the human body". [13] By 2018, the Human Cell Atlas description based the project on the assumption that "our characterization of the hundreds of types and subtypes of cells in the ...