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Examples of circuits analyzed as two-ports are filters, matching networks, transmission lines, transformers, and small-signal models for transistors (such as the hybrid-pi model). The analysis of passive two-port networks is an outgrowth of reciprocity theorems first derived by Lorentz. [3]
An asymmetrical network is chosen as the example because a symmetrical network is self-evidently reciprocal. An asymmetrical attenuator in Pi formation with resistor values 20, 12 and 8 Ω left to right. Injecting 6 amperes into port 1 of this network produces 24 volts at port 2.
Equivalent circuit for an arbitrary two-port admittance matrix. The circuit uses Norton sources with voltage-controlled current sources. Y-equivalent circuit for a reciprocal two-port network. The Y-parameter matrix for the two-port network is probably the most common. In this case the relationship between the port voltages, port currents and ...
A transducer may be a one-port as viewed by the electrical domain, but with the more generalised definition of port it is a two-port. For instance, a mechanical actuator has one port in the electrical domain and one port in the mechanical domain. [6] Transducers can be analysed as two-port networks in the same way as electrical two-ports.
In a two-port network, often port 1 is considered the input port and port 2 is considered the output port. The two-port network model is used in mathematical circuit analysis techniques to isolate portions of larger circuits. A two-port network is regarded as a "black box" with its properties specified by a matrix of numbers. This allows the ...
These concepts are capable of being extended to networks of more than two ports. However, this is rarely done in reality because, in many practical cases, ports are considered either purely input or purely output. If reverse direction transfer functions are ignored, a multi-port network can always be decomposed into a number of two-port networks.
Another extension is when the set of potential differences is from one network and the set of currents is from an entirely different network, so long as the two networks have the same topology (same incidence matrix) Tellegen's theorem remains true. This extension of Tellegen's Theorem leads to many theorems relating to two-port networks.
Start with a two-port network, N, with a plane of symmetry between the two ports. Next cut N through its plane of symmetry to form two new identical two-ports, 1 / 2 N. Connect two identical voltage generators to the two ports of N. It is clear from the symmetry that no current is going to flow through any branch passing through the ...