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Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An instrument ( bronchoscope ) is inserted into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy .
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), also known as bronchoalveolar washing, is a diagnostic method of the lower respiratory system in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into an appropriate airway in the lungs, with a measured amount of fluid introduced and then collected for examination.
Flexible bronchoscopy may be used for extraction when distal access is needed and the operator is experienced in this technique. [14] Potential advantages include avoidance of general anesthesia as well as the ability to reach subsegmental bronchi which are smaller in diameter and further down the respiratory tract than the main bronchi. [14]
Flexible bronchoscopy may be used for extraction when distal access is needed and the operator is experienced in this technique. [23] Potential advantages include avoidance of general anesthesia as well as the ability to reach subsegmental bronchi which are smaller in diameter and further down the respiratory tract than the main bronchi. [23]
Evaluation by means of bronchoscopy can be difficult and time consuming and is best performed under general anesthesia. Casts can be removed mechanically by bronchoscopy or physical therapy. High-frequency chest wall oscillation can also be used to vibrate the chest wall at a high frequency to try to loosen and thin the casts.
It can, however, be performed in the awake patient with local or topical anesthesia or in an emergency without any anesthesia at all. Intubation is normally facilitated by using a conventional laryngoscope , flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope , or video laryngoscope to identify the vocal cords and pass the tube between them into the trachea ...
Treatment options to prevent PONV include medications such as antiemetics (for example, ondansetron or dexamethasone) or other drugs including tropisetron, dolasetron, cyclizine, and granisetron. Droperidol may cause QT prolongation and is not frequently used. [1]
Ciprofol is used for the intravenous induction of general anesthesia. [1] [2] As of 2023, it is still an investigational drug.Thus far, it has been found to be efficacious as a general anesthetic in patients undergoing gynecological surgery [4] [8] and kidney transplantation, [16] as well as for endoscopic procedures such as bronchoscopy, [12] [17] esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy.