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Scala (/ ˈ s k ɑː l ɑː / SKAH-lah) [7] [8] is a strong statically typed high-level general-purpose programming language that supports both object-oriented programming and functional programming. Designed to be concise, [ 9 ] many of Scala's design decisions are intended to address criticisms of Java .
List comprehension is a syntactic construct available in some programming languages for creating a list based on existing lists. It follows the form of the mathematical set-builder notation (set comprehension) as distinct from the use of map and filter functions.
A nominal type system means that the language decides whether types are compatible and/or equivalent based on explicit declarations and names. A structural type system means that the language decides whether types are compatible and/or equivalent based on the definition and characteristics of the types.
λProlog (a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order programming) Oz , and Mozart Programming System cross-platform Oz Prolog (formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of mathematical logic called Horn logic and a general proving mechanism called logical ...
The emphasis on explicit control flow distinguishes an imperative programming language from a declarative programming language. Within an imperative programming language, a control flow statement is a statement that results in a choice being made as to which of two or more paths to follow. For non-strict functional languages, functions and ...
Duck typing is similar to, but distinct from, structural typing.Structural typing is a static typing system that determines type compatibility and equivalence by a type's structure, whereas duck typing is dynamic and determines type compatibility by only that part of a type's structure that is accessed during runtime.
Like natural languages, programming languages follow rules for syntax and semantics. There are thousands of programming languages [ 1 ] and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional programmers may use dozens of languages in a career.
In programming language theory, lazy evaluation, or call-by-need, [1] is an evaluation strategy which delays the evaluation of an expression until its value is needed (non-strict evaluation) and which also avoids repeated evaluations (by the use of sharing). [2] [3] The benefits of lazy evaluation include: