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One of the most widely used forms of shorthand is still the Pitman shorthand method described above, which has been adapted for 15 languages. [30] Although Pitman's method was extremely popular at first and is still commonly used, especially in the UK, in the U.S., its popularity has been largely superseded by Gregg shorthand , developed by ...
Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. [1] Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken.
Burmese Shorthand 1952 Zwe Ohn Chein Burmese Burnz' Fonic Shorthand: 1896: Eliza Boardman Burnz: English: Carissimi Shorthand [11] 1940: Juan Antonio Carissimi: Spanish: Caton Scientific Shorthand [12] [13] Thomas Jasper Caton: Century 21 Shorthand [14] Characterie [15] 1588: Timothy Bright: English: Conen de Prépean Shorthand [16] 1813: Louis ...
There are three basic categories of written shorthand. Best known are pure symbol (stenographic) shorthand systems (e.g., Gregg , Pitman ). Because the complexity of symbol shorthands made them time-consuming to learn, a variety of newer alphabetic shorthands was created, with the goal of being easier to learn– e.g., Speedwriting ...
cab Cabernet Sauvignon cabriolet caff (UK slang) café cal calorie (in combination, especially "lo-cal") Cal or Cali California Calcutta cam camera camouflage camo camouflage Can Canada or Canadian (in combination)
Abbreviation Meaning s̅: without (s with an overbar) (from Latin sine) S: sacrum: S x: symptoms surgery (though deemed by some as inappropriate) S 1: first heart sound: S 2: second heart sound: S 3: third heart sound S 4: fourth heart sound S&O: salpingo-oophorectomy Sb: Scholar batch SAAG: serum–ascites albumin gradient SAB: staphylococcal ...
[optional in place of period] when the language of the gloss lacks a one-word translation, a phrase may be joined by underscores, e.g., Turkish çık-mak (come_out-INF) "to come out" With some authors, the reverse is also true, for a two-word phrase glossed with a single word. [2] [21] › >, →, :
The shorter brief forms (one or two letters) that follow each other in a sentence are joined together as though they were one word; this is known as phrasing. Those familiar with Gregg or Pitman Shorthand will recognize this feature: operating on the philosophy that the time taken to repeatedly lift the pen between short words is wasted, the ...