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Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. [1] Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken.
Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, which can allow someone well-trained in the system to write as quickly as people speak. Abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches.
Students of Personal Shorthand can acquire a useful shorthand skill (50 to 60 wpm) in a single school term, compared to the year or more for symbol system students to reach that same level. Without the complexity of symbols to memorize and practice writing, Personal Shorthand theory is relatively simple. There are six Theory Rules.
Burmese Shorthand 1952 Zwe Ohn Chein Burmese Burnz' Fonic Shorthand: 1896: Eliza Boardman Burnz: English: Carissimi Shorthand [11] 1940: Juan Antonio Carissimi: Spanish: Caton Scientific Shorthand [12] [13] Thomas Jasper Caton: Century 21 Shorthand [14] Characterie [15] 1588: Timothy Bright: English: Conen de Prépean Shorthand [16] 1813: Louis ...
A contraction is an abbreviation of one or more words that has some or all of the middle letters removed but retains the first and final letters (e.g. Mr and aren't). Missing letters are replaced by an apostrophe in most multiple-word contractions.
Example of 15th-century Latin manuscript text with scribal abbreviations. An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning "short" [1]) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which includes acronym) or crasis.
(An exception: when two "r"s are written, without an adjoining consonant, as in 'rare', then the second is written as an italic Latin r.) Taylor shorthand is written partially phonetically, so that, for example, an English word containing ph is written with the letter for f , and c is written as k or s .