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In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, [1] is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation , and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards."
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
Change of variables is an operation that is related to substitution. However these are different operations, as can be seen when considering differentiation or integration (integration by substitution). A very simple example of a useful variable change can be seen in the problem of finding the roots of the sixth-degree polynomial:
Integration, the process of computing an integral, is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, [a] the other being differentiation. Integration was initially used to solve problems in mathematics and physics, such as finding the area under a curve, or determining displacement from velocity. Usage of integration expanded to a wide ...
Integration by parts can be extended to functions of several variables by applying a version of the fundamental theorem of calculus to an appropriate product rule. There are several such pairings possible in multivariate calculus, involving a scalar-valued function u and vector-valued function (vector field) V .
The substitution is described in most integral calculus textbooks since the late 19th century, usually without any special name. [5] It is known in Russia as the universal trigonometric substitution, [6] and also known by variant names such as half-tangent substitution or half-angle substitution.
An alternative form of the parametrization that is sometimes useful is = [+]. This form can be derived using the change of variables = / ().We can use the product rule to show that = / (), then
That is, ω acts like an even function. This is the same as the symmetry of the cosine, which is an even function, so the mnemonic tells us to use the substitution = (rule 1). Under this substitution, the integral becomes . The integrand involving transcendental functions has been reduced to one involving a rational function (a constant).
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