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Daily Assessment of Symptoms – Anxiety; Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) [4] [5] Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) [6] [7] Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report Version; Screen for child anxiety related disorders
DASS, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, [1] is made up of 42 self-report items to be completed over five to ten minutes, each reflecting a negative emotional symptom. [2] Each of these is rated on a four-point Likert scale of frequency or severity of the participants' experiences over the last week to emphasize states over traits.
The final subsample (n = 160), on which extensive validation of the final BAI was carried out, was made up of groups with primary diagnoses of major depressive disorder (n = 40); dysthymic disorder and atypical depression (n = 11); panic disorder (n = 45); generalized anxiety disorder (n = 18); agoraphobia with panic attacks (n = 18); social ...
The original Patient Health Questionnaire contains five modules; these contain questions about depressive, anxiety, somatoform, alcohol, and eating disorders. [8] Designed for use in the primary care setting, it lacks coverage for disorders seen in psychiatric settings. [12]
However, too much stress causes problems. Previous studies have reported that a significant percentage of medical students suffer anxiety disorders because stress has a strong relationship to emotional and behavioral problems. [8] Feelings of disappointment academically are most prevalent in those students who have poor academic performance. [3]
This depression rating scale includes a 27-item screening questionnaire and follow-up clinician interview designed to facilitate the diagnosis of common mental disorders in primary care. Its lengthy administration time has limited its clinical usefulness; it has been replaced by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) .
A number of researchers have explored HADS data to establish the cut-off points for caseness of anxiety or depression. Bjelland et al (2002) [3] through a literature review of a large number of studies identified a cut-off point of 8/21 for anxiety or depression. For anxiety (HADS-A) this gave a specificity of 0.78 and a sensitivity of 0.9.
The DSM-IV classifies test anxiety as a type of social phobia. [39] Research indicates that test anxiety among U.S. high-school and college students has been rising since the late 1950s. Test anxiety remains a challenge for students, regardless of age, and has considerable physiological and psychological impacts. [40]